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دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل (کد17305)
شناسه محصول و کد فایل : 17305
نوع فایل : Powerpoint پاورپوینت
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توضیحات محصول دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل (کد17305)
دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
مهندسی سواحل
عنوان های پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحلعبارتند از :
تعاریف، مفاهیم و ترمینولوژی
تاریخچه مهندسی سواحل
رشته های مرتبط با مهندسی سواحل
تعریف ساحل ، اجزا و قلمرو
ساحل به عنوان یک بیوژئومورفولوژیکال سیستم
طبقه بندی سواحل
فرایندهای ساحلی (امواج، جزر و مد، جریانهای دریائی، باد و ...)
بررسی فرایندهای غالب ساحلی (فرسایش، حمل و جابجائی رسوبات ورسوبگذاری)
شناسائی لندفرمهای ساحلی و کاربری آنها
اندازه گیری ، کمی سازی و پیش بینی تغییرات خط ساحلی
راهبردها و راهکارهای حفاظت از سواحل
آشنائی با تجهیزات و ماشین آلات لایروبی سواحل و بندرگاهها
تکه ها و قسمت های اتفاقی از فایلآشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
علم مطالعه فرایندهای فعال در منطقه ساحلی و اثرات انها بر روی سواحل و سازه های ساحلی و برنامه ریزی برای حفاظت از انها
تاریخچه مهندسی سواحل
الف- مهندسی سواحل در دنیای باستان
The history of coastal engineering reaches back to the ancient world bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf. Coastal engineering, as it relates to harbors, starts with the development of maritime traffic, perhaps before 3500 B.C. Shipping was fundamental to culture and the growth of civilization, and the expansion of navigation and communication in turn drove the practice of coastal engineering. The availability of a large slave labor force during this era meant that docks, breakwaters, and other harbor works were built by hand and often in a grand scale similar to their monumental contemporaries, pyramids, temples, and palaces. Some of the harbor works are still visible today, while others have recently been explored by archaeologists. Most of the grander ancient harbor works disappeared following the fall of the Roman Empire. Earthquakes have buried some of the works; others have been submerged by subsidence, landlocked by silting, or lost through lack of maintenance. Recently, archaeologists, using modern survey techniques, excavations, and old documents, have revealed some of the sophisticated engineering in these old harbors. Technically interesting features have shown up and are now reappearing in modern port designs. Common to most ancient ports was a well-planned and effectively located seawall or breakwater for protection and a quay or mole for loading vessels, features frequently included in modern ports (Quinn 1972).
دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
مهندسی سواحل
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The earliest were rock cut, in that natural features like offshore reefs were adapted to give shelter to craft riding at anchor.
b. In the second group, vertical walls were built on convenient shallows to serve as breakwaters and moles. Harbors of this type were in protected bays, and often the walls connected with the defenses of a walled town (for example, ancient Tyre on the Lebanese coast). Often these basins were closeable to traffic using chains to prevent the entry of enemy ships (Franco 1996).
c. The third group were harbors that were imposed on even unpromising coasts by use of Roman
innovations such as the arch and improved hydraulic cement. Projects like this required the engineering, construction, and financing resources of a major empire.
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Another feature of the Greek harbors was the use of colossal statues to mark the entrances. Colossal statues of King Ptolemy, which stood at the base of the lighthouse, have been found with the lighthouse debris. Historians report the most famous harbor statue was the 30 m high Colossus of Rhodes, which stood on the breakwater heads. Three ancient windmill towers are still surviving upon the Rhodes breakwater (Franco 1996). Frost (1963) notes that the Greeks had used hydraulic cement long before the Romans.
ج- مهندسی سواحل در رم باستان
The Romans introduced many revolutionary innovations in harbor design. They learned to build walls underwater and constructed solid breakwaters to protect exposed harbors. They used metal joints and clamps to fasten neighboring blocks together and are often credited with discovering hydraulic cement made with pozzolanic ash obtained from the volcanic region near Naples, which hardens underwater. Frost (1963) notes that the Greeks had used hydraulic cement long before the Romans. The Romans replaced many of the Greek rubble mound breakwaters with vertical and composite concrete walls
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In England, coastal engineering works date back to the Romans, who recognized the danger of floods and sea inundation of low-lying lands. On the Medway, for example, embankments built by the Romans as sea defense remained in use until the 18th century (Palmer and Tritton Limited 1996). The low-lying lands, consisting of recently-deposited alluvial material, were exceeding fertile but were also vulnerable to flooding from both runoff and storm surges. In the Middle Ages, the Church became instrumental in reclaiming and protecting many marshes, and monks reclaimed portions of the Fylde and Humber estuaries. In 1225, Henry III constituted by Charter a body of persons to deal with the question of drainage (Keay 1942). Across the North Sea, the Friesland area of the Netherlands had a large and wealthy population in the period 500 - 1000 A. D., and increasing need for agricultural land led to building of sea dikes to reclaim land that previously was used for grazing (Bijker 1996). Water boards developed in response to the need for a mutual means to coordinate and enforce dike maintenance. These boards represent some of the earliest democratic institutions in the Netherlands. Engineering and scientific skills remained alive in the east, in Byzantium, where the Eastern Roman empire survived for six hundred years while Western Rome decayed. Of necessity, Byzantium had become a sea power, sending forth fleets of merchant ships and multi-oared dromonds (swift war vessels) throughout the Black Sea and Mediterranean. When the weary soldiers of the first crusades reached Byzantium's capital city, Constantinople, in 1097, they were amazed and awed by its magnificence, sophistication, and scientific achievements.
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سپاه مهندسان ارتش آمریکا:
Since the formation of the United States, Army engineers and the Corps of Engineers have been responsible for or intimately associated with a wide variety of civil projects and improvements to waterways, ports, and navigation systems. The following paragraphs summarize the history of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and outline some of the Corps' early efforts in coastal and navigation improvements. The origins of the USACE date to June of 1775, at the beginning of the American War of Independence, when the Second Continental Congress authorized General Washington to assign a "chief engineer" for the "grand army" (Parkman 1978). General Washington selected Colonel Richard Gridley, a seasoned artilleryman, who had been preparing a line of fortifications around Boston during the early weeks of the war.
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The Study of Coasts
Coasts can be studied in several different ways dependent upon their classification:
Erosional or depositional
Sediment type (clastic: shingle and sand; or muddy)
Submergent or emergent
Tectonic setting
Process-based: wave dominated, tide dominated and wind dominated - the agents of erosion
سیستم ساحلی
Coastal Systems:
coastal systems vary primarily in response to wave intensity and tidal currents
breaking waves (and resultant currents) provide most of the systemic energy
several additional factors also influence coastal processes and landforms
original geology of the coastline
relative 'erodibility' of regional bedrock
sea level variations (global and local tectonic or glacio-eustatic changes)
coastal systems typically characterized as erosional or depositional
erosional or depositional nature of any coastline varies with the systemic energy
طبقه بندی سواحل
Coastal Classification
-معروف ترین سیستم های طبقه بندی سواحل
طبقه بندی ژئوتکتونیکی زوس ( Suess) 1888
طبقه بندی ژنتیکی جانسون ( 1919 )،
طبقه بندی تکتونیکی کوتون ( Cotton – 1952 )
طبقه بندی شپارد Shepard ( 1963 )
طبقه بندی والنتین ( 1953 )
طبقه بندی ژئومورفولوژیکی اینمن و نورستورم (1971)
دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
مهندسی سواحل
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الف – طبقه بندی سواحل بر اساس تغییرات سطح آب دریا .( جانسون - 1919 و والنتین 1953)
سواحل از آب خارج شدهEmergence) )
SUBMERGENCE سواحل غوطه ور
ب – طبقه بندی بر اساس تغییرات ساختار (تکتونیکی) زمین شناسی(نوردستروم( 1971)
- سواحل تصادمی که در مناطق همگرایی صفحه های تکتونیکی شکل می گیرند. کوه های ساحلی آند در آمریکای جنوبی
سواحل با لبه دنباله دار در مناطقی که دو صفحه تکتونیکی از هم فاصله می گیرند سواحل کارولینا در آمریکای شمالی و سواحل دریای سرخ
سواحل حاشیه ای دریا، شامل اغلب مناطق دلتاهای آبرفتی یا رودخانه ای
سواحلی که در مناطق استقرار صفحات تکتونیکی پایدار واقعند ( مانند سواحل هند و استرالیا )
)ج – طبقه بندی سواحل بر اساس نوع فرایند های ساحلی (دیویس 1980 و تانر 1960)
محیط هایی با امواج طوفانی کوچک و بزرگ از همه جهات، سواحل صخره ای و سکو های ساحلی
محیط های ساحلی با امواج آرام، لند فرم های ماسه ای نهشته گذاری شده
محیط های ساحلی نسبتا محصور و حفاظت شده که فعالیت امواج توسط پوشش یخ در عرض های جغرافیایی بالا به شدت محدود شده
دانلود پاورپوینت آشنایی با مهندسی سواحل
مهندسی سواحل
Weathering & Erosion
What is?
Weathering: Breakdown of rock (Geology) to form sediment in situ
Weathering is a set of physical, chemical and biological processes that alter the physical and chemical state of rocks and soil at or near the earth's surface. Rock and soil is altered physically by disintegrating and chemically by decomposing. Nearly all weathering involves water, mostly directly: frost shattering, wetting and drying, salt weathering, and all chemical weathering is in solution. That is, weathering is climatically driven and thus the term weathering. Because weather and climate occur at the earth's surface, the intensity of weathering decreases with depth and most of it occur within less than a metre of the surface of soil and rock.
Erosion:Transport of weathered material from one location to another...The wearing away of land or the removal of beach and/or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage, or wind. Erosion includes, but is not limited to, horizontal recession and scour and can be induced or aggravated by human activities.
معروف ترین سیستم هاي طبقه بندي سواحل عبارتند:
طبقه بندی زوس 1888 ،
طبقه بندي ژنتیکی جانسون ( 1919 )،
طبقه بندي تکتونیکی کوتون 1952
طبقه بندي شپارد 1963
طبقه بندي والنتین ( 1953 )
طبقه بندي ژئومورفولوژیکی اینمن و نورستورم (1971)
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