دانلود پاورپوینت SULPHUR RECOVERY

SULPHUR RECOVERY

عنوان های پاورپوینت  : 

SULPHUR RECOVERY

PART 2

(Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU

PROCESS OVERVIEW

FEEDSTOCKS TO SRU

SRU Feedstocks main characteristics

Sulphur Recovery Efficiency

Main Applications

CLAUS SULPHUR RECOVERY UNIT

SULPHUR PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

CLAUS REACTION

H2S Conversion – Temperature impact

Typical arrangement of a Claus Unit

SULPHUR RECOVERY PLANT TYPICAL FLOW SCHEME

Side reactions

Hydrocarbons in acid gas

(Hydrocarbons in acid gasAromatic compounds effect (BTEX

Effect of Ammonia in acid gas feedstock

Conceptual design of a sulphur recovery plant

Claus unit operating parameters

Combustion Chamber operating pressure

Air to acid gas ratio

Claus reaction : impact of air control

Flame temperature

Temperature of catalytic reactors

Gas reheat at reactor inlet

CATALYSTS

Performances

SULPHUR QUALITY

EQUIPMENT : Burners

EQUIPMENT:   Duiker burner

EQUIPMENT: John Zink burner

EQUIPMENT: Lurgi burner

(View of burner (LURGI

(Combustion chamber control (typical

Equipment : combustion chamber and waste heat boiler

Equipement: Combustion Chamber

Equipement : aste Heat Boiler

Equipement: catalytic reactors

Equipement: Sulphur Condensers

(Incineration (thermal oxidiser

Thermal oxidiser with WHB

Sulphur degassing

Sulphur storage and transport

Sulphur solidification

Pastilles

Rotoform process

Granulation – Procédé Enersul GX

Bulk sulphur storage

Operating problems

Improvements in Claus units

(Claus tail gas composition (typical

Tail Gas treatment

The various types of Claus tail gas treatment processes

REDOX type process

(HP SULFINT  process (IFP

Catalytic TGT processes

TGT – Sulphur production in liquid phase

TGT – Absorption and recycle of H2S or SO2

Relative cost of Sulphur Recovery Plants with TGT

 

 

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قسمت ها و تکه های اتفاقی از فایل

 

Equipment : combustion chamber and waste heat boiler

Combustion chamber :

carbon steel with refractory lining

(Equipped with temperature measurement devices (optical pyrometers

Waste heat boiler with process gas on tube side and steam generation on shell side:

Natural thermosiphon circulation

Equipement: catalytic reactors

Conception :

low pressure drop

Even distribution of the process gas

generally horizontal reactors

Carbon steel with refractory lining

(Equipped with temperatures measurement devices (thermocouples

Equipement: Sulphur Condensers

Single pass exchangers:

process gas on tube side

Steam generation on shell side

Equipped with a KO drum with mesh to avoid sulphur droplets carry over

Lightly slopped to enhance sulphur drainage

(Incineration (thermal oxidiser

High incineration temperature required for the complete conversion of H2S and sulphur compounds to SO2

H2S < 10 ppm vol

temperature 650 to 800°C

excess air in flue gases :  2 à 5% vol

(Natural draft incineration (no air blower

less expensive

excess air control is uneasy

Forced draft incineration (with air blowers)

more expensive but excess air can be controlled

preferred option if the incinerator is equipped with waste heat recovery

Sulphur degassing

Required to remove the H2S and poly sulfides dissolved in sulphur (safety during storage and transport)

Maximum allowable H2S content < 10 ppm wt

Principle :

sulphur agitation by circulation or stripping

with or without a catalyst

the degassing offgas is sent to the incinerator via air sweeping

Sulphur storage and transport

Liquid sulphur storage:

concrete pit

metallic tank

Storage temperature 125 – 140°C

significant viscosity increase when  T > 145°C)

Liquid sulphur export by truck, rail or ship tankers (pipeline on short distances)

Solidification for storage and transport (slates, pastilles, granules)

Sulphur solidification

Slates

Drawback : low mechanical resistance

Pastilles or granules are more regularly shaped and resistant

(ROTOFORM Sandvik (pastilles

(ENERSUL GX (granules

Operating problems

Catalyst beds deactivation

Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

Sulfatation

fouling

Loss of sulphur recovery efficiency

Inactive catalyst

Poor COS or CS2 hydrolysis efficiency

Temperature increase at sulphur condensers

Poor H2S/SO2 ratio control

Sulphur mist carry-over

Operating problems

Plugging

Sulphur solidification

Corrosion

(Operation below sulfuric acid dew point (water condenstaion

Poor insulation and heat tracing

Sulphur « fires » in reactors

Excess oxygen

Improvements in Claus units

New catalysts

COS and CS2 hydrolysis

(Direct conversion of H2S to S by oxidation (SuperClaus and uroClaus

(Direct conversion by reduction (Procédé PROCLAUS

(High efficiency burners (NH3, BTEX

H2S/SO2 analysers

Use of enriched air or oxygen

Better control of start-up and shut-down operations

Tail Gas treatment

Objective

Enhance the sulphur recovery efficiency to limit SO2 rejection to ambient air

Environmental standards more and more stringent

ex : 250 mg SO2/Nm3 flue gas i.e. SRE > 99.9%

The various types of Claus tail gas treatment processes

Catalytic processes

Solvent based processes with recycle of H2S or SO2

REDOX processes in liquid phase

REDOX type process

Principle (iron chelate)

H2S + 2 Fe3+ ——–> 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ + 1/n Sn

1/2 O2 + 2 Fe2+ + 2 H+ ——–> 2 Fe3+ + H2O

Catalytic TGT processes

Process based on Claus reaction at lower temperature

Sulfreen process and its alternates

HydroSulfreen

DoxoSulfreen

CBA (Cold Bed Adsorption) process

MCRC process

Clinsulf process

Catalytic TGT processes

Direct oxidation processes

Superclaus process

Euroclaus process

BSR/Hi-Activity high activity

BSR/Selectox

TGT – Absorption and recycle of H2S or SO2

H2S recycle processes

Hydrogenation  of tail gas residual sulphur compounds to H2S

H2S absorption in selective amine wash (MDEA)

H2S stream recycle to upstream Claus unit

Type SCOT, RAR, Resulf, etc…

SO2 recycle processes

Tail Gas residual sulphur compounds oxidation to SO2

(SO2 absorption with solvent (amine, physical solvent

SO2 stream recycle to upstream Claus unit

Type Cansolv process, Solinox process, Clausmaster process

 

 

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